The First World War

The Great War: A Turning Point in British History

The First World War, also known as the Great War, was a catastrophic event that changed the course of British history. Lasting from 1914 to 1918, the war left a lasting impact on the world, and its effects are still felt today. In this article, we will explore the causes, events, and consequences of the First World War and examine how it shaped modern Britain.

ASSAM

ASSAM

Assam

Assam is  in northeastern India, located south of the eastern Himalayas along the Barak valleys and Brahmaputra. a neighborhood of Assam is included. The state borders north of Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh; Nagaland and Manipur within the east; Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram and Bangladesh within the south; And West Bengal through the Siliguri Corridor, a strip of land that connects the state with the remainder of India. it's one among the foremost populous subdivisions within the world. Assamese is that the official and commonest language, followed by Bengali, second most common: Assam is understood for Assam tea and Assam silk. The state was the primary site for oil extraction in Asia. Assam is home to single-house Indian rhinos also as various species of untamed water ox , peggy pig, tiger and Asian birds, and provides one among the last wild habitats for the Asian elephant. The economy is supported in favor of wildlife tourism at Kaziranga park and Manas park , which are a World Heritage Site. Dibru-Saikhowa park is legendary for its wild horses. Saline tree forests are within the state, which, as a results of abundant rainfall, they appear green throughout the year. Assam receives more rainfall than most parts of India; This rain feeds the Brahmaputra , whose tributaries and oxen lakes provide a hydrological environment to the region.

one-horned-Rino

Etymology Of ASSAM

In the classical period and up to the 12th century, east of the river Karatoya, which is largely consistent with present-day Assam, was called Kamarupa and alternatively Pragjyotisha. Although the western part of Assam as a region continued to be called Kamarupa, the kingdom of Ahom which originated in the east and dominated the entire Brahmaputra valley was called Assam; And the British province was also called Assam. Although the exact etymology of Assam is unclear, the name Assam is associated with the Ahom people, originally called Shyam history pre-history Assam, and evidence of human settlement in the surrounding areas since the beginning of the Stone Age.  The hills at altitudes of 1,500–2,000 feet were likely due to the availability of the popular dolite basol, which was useful for making equipment. The Ambari site in Guwahati has revealed artifacts of the Sunga-Kushan era, including a flight of stairs and a water tank dating from the first century BCE. C. And may be 2,000 years old. Experts speculate that another important fmd in Ambari is Roman pottery from the second century BC Roman Rowlet. C. Legend According to a late text, the Kalika Purana, the first ruler of Assam was the Mahiranga Demon of the Bodo-Kachari Demon dynasty, which was abolished by Naraka and Vino established the Naraka dynasty. The last of these rulers, Naraka, was also killed by Krishna. Narlaka's son Bhagadatta became king. Neil fought for the Kauravas in the battle of Kurukshetra, with an army of kirats, chins and the inhabitants of the east coast. At the same time, in the east, in the center of Assam, the Asura kingdom was ruled by another line of Bodo-Kachari kings.

Kamakhya-Temple

Ancient Era Of ASSAM

The Allahabad pillar of Samudragupta in the antiquity of the 4th century mentions Kamarupa and Dawaka as the border states of the Gupta Empire. Dauka was later absorbed by Kamarupa, which became a great empire, stretching from the Karodoya River to present-day Saadia and covering the entire Brahmaputra Valley, northern Bengal, parts of Bangladesh and sometimes Purnia and some Was covered parts. West of Bengal. The kingdom was ruled by three dynasties who traced their descent from a Mlechcha or Kirat Narka; Varman, the Mlechcha dynasty and Kamarupa-Pal, from their capitals in Guwahati, Tezpur and northern Gauhati respectively. The three dynasties claimed descent from Narakasura. In the reign of King Varman, Bhaskaravarman, the Chinese traveler Xuanzang visited the region and recorded his journey. Later, after being weakened and disintegrated, the Kamarupa tradition was extended to  1255 b. C. For the Lunar I and Lunar II dynasties. Shang built his kingdom and consolidated his power in East Assam as his capital Sibsagar. In the early 1500s, the Ahoms ruled a small kingdom in Sibsagar district and suddenly had the advantage of weakening the rule of Chutia and Dimasa states during the rule of King Suhangamang. In 1681, all the roads along the border of modern Goalpara district were permanently under its influence. In the early 16th century, the Ahoms ruled for nearly 600 years, with large expansions at the expense of the courts of Cimpedia and Dimasa.  Since the 13th century, the main center of Ahom politics was Upper Assam; The kingdom gradually spread to the Karatoya River in the 17th or 18th century. It was at its peak during the reign of another Bodo-Kachari dynasty, Sukhrangfa or Swagorodu Rudra Sinha  Koch, the sovereignty established in  1510 AD The Koch empire in western Assam and present-day North Bengal was at its peak at the beginning of Nara Narayan's reign. It was divided into two parts in  1581 AD, western part as Mogul Jagir and eastern part as Ahom satellite state. Later, in 1682, the coach was completely abolished by Hajo Ahom. Despite several invasions, mainly by Muslim rulers, no Western authority ruled Assam until the British arrived. Although the Mughals attempted seventeen invasions, they were never successful. The most successful invader Mir Jatanala, a governor of Aurangzeb briefly captured the then capital Garhgaon, but found it difficult to escape guerrilla attacks on his forces. The decisive victory of the Assamese under the leadership of General Lachit Borfukan over the Mughals, then under the command of King Ram Sinha in the Battle of Saraighat in 1671, practically ended the Mughal ambitions of the region. 1682 AD During the reign of Gadadhar Sinha, the Mughals were completely defeated in the Battle of Itkhuli and migrated from Lower Assam.

Lachit-Borphukan

Colonial Era Of ASSAM

There was evidence in 1836–37 in London after the discovery of Camellia sinensis in 1834 in Assam.  Subsequently, tea plantations proliferated in eastern Assam, where the soil and climate were most suitable. Problems with the Chinese imported Han workers from China and hostility from native Assamese resulted in the exodus of forced laborers from central and eastern parts of India. After initial trial and error with planting Chinese and Asmesa-Chinese hybrid varieties, planters accepted the local Camellia asmica as the most suitable variety for Assam. In the 1850s, the industry began to gain some benefits. The industry experienced early growth when, in 1861, investors were allowed their land in Assam and during 1870 saw substantial progress with the invention of new technologies and machinery for preparing processed tea. Despite commercial success. Tea workers continued to exploit, work and live in poor conditions. Fearing further government intervention, tea producers formed the Indian Tea Association in 1888 to create pressure and maintain status quo. The organization was successful in this, but even after the independence of India, there has been very little improvement in the condition of the workers. In the late 18th century, religious tensions and atrocities caused by the nobles due to the Moamoria uprising led to a tremendous crash of life and property. The rebellion was suppressed but the state was weakened badly by civil war. Due to political rivalry between Prime Minister Purnanand Burhagohin and Western Assam's Viceroy Ahom, Badan Chandra Borfulkain, the latter received an invitation to Burmese, which led to the Burgess invasion of Assam's three successors. The reigning emperor Chandrakanta Sinha tried to control the Burmese invaders, but was defeated after fierce resistance. And Ahom claimed that Assam was annexed by Burma. The Burmese spread an empire of terror against the Assamese people, who fled to neighboring states and British-ruled Bengal. The Burmese reached the borders of the East India Company, and the first Anglo-Burmese War took place in 1824. The war ended in 1826 under the Treaty of Yandabo, the Company took control of West Assam and established Purand Singh. In 1833 as king of Upper Assam. This settlement lasted until 1838 and after that the British gradually closed the whole area. Subsequently, instead of Assamese, the court language and medium of instruction became Bengali in educational institutions of Assam. From 1836 to 1873, this use of foreign language created high unemployment among the people of Assam and Assamese literature naturally came into its growth.Initially, Assam became part of the Bengal Presidency, then in 1906 it became part of the Eastern Province of Bengal and Assam and in 1912 it was reorganized into a province of Chief Commissioners. In 1913, a Legislative Council was formed and in 1937, the Assam Legislative Assembly in Shillong, the former capital of the region. 

Assam-Tea-garden

British tea plantation workers imported labor from central India and joined the demographic canvas. The region of Assam was first separated from Bengal in 1874, known as the irregular province of the 'Northeast Frontier', also known as the Commissioner of Assam Headquarters. It was incorporated into the new province of East Bengal and Assam in 1905 after the partition of Bengal and was re-established as Assam province in 1912. After some initial unsuccessful attempts to gain the independence of Assam during the 1850s, after uniting and actively supporting the Indian National Congress against the British in the early 20th century, Gopinath Bordoloi was a former eminent nationalist leader Emerged as. Assam Congress. Bordoloi's main political rival at this time was Sir Saidullah, who represented the Muslim League, and was supported by the influential Muslim cleric Maulana Bhasani. The Assam Post Circle was established in 1873 under the direction of the Deputy Director General of Post. In early 1900, British India consisted of eight provinces administered by a governor or a lieutenant governor. The province of Assam was one of the top eight provinces of British India. The table below shows the main native provinces during British India covering the province of Assam under the administrative office of the Chief Commissioner. 

Gopinath-Bordoloi

Modern History Of ASSAM 

The Government of India, which has unilateral powers to change the boundaries of one state, Assam was divided into several states in Assam starting in 1970. In 1963, Nagaland district became the 16th state in India by the name of Nagaland. A part of Tuensang was added to Nagaland. In 1970, in response to the demands of the Khasi, Jaintia and Garo people of the Meghalaya plateau, the districts of Khasi, Jaintia Hills and Garo Hills were formed into an autonomous state with Assam; In 1972, it became a separate state under the name of Meghalaya. In 1972, Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram were separated from Assam as Union Territories; Both became states in 1986. Since the reorganization of Assam after independence, communal tension and violence has persisted. Separatist groups began to form along ethnic lines, and demands for autonomy and sovereignty increased, leading to the fragmentation of Assam. In 1961, the Government of Assam passed a law mandating the use of the Assamese language. Later he came back under pressure from Bengali speaking people in Cachar. In the 1980s, the Brahmaputra Valley witnessed a six-year-old upheaval in Assam, sparked by a surge in registered voters in electoral lists. It tried to force the government to identify and deport foreigners who migrate illegally from neighboring Bangladesh and provide constitutional, legislative, administrative and cultural guarantees for the majority of the indigenous people of Asmesa, who They felt threatened due to increased migration from Bangladesh. The unrest ended after an agreement between its leaders and the central government was not implemented, which led to dissatisfaction. The 1970s saw the rise of separatist armed groups such as the Assom United Liberation Front. The Karbi Anglong, the northern Cachar hills and those near Guwahati which are now erased and dissected are basically part of the South Indian plateau system. Guwahati is the gateway to Northeast India. Silchar is the second most populous city in Assam and an important business center. Other major cities include Dibrugarh, an industrial center for oil and natural gas,

 

Science

Science

Science is a systematic undertaking that constructs and organizes knowledge about the universe in the form of verifiable explanations and predictions. The first roots of science go back to ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia from about 3500 to 3000 BCE. C. His contribution to mathematics: astronomy and medicine entered and shaped Greek physics of classical antiquity: making formal efforts to supply an evidence of events within the physical world based on natural causes. But it was preserved in the Muslim world during the Islamic Golden Age. The scientific revolution that began as new ideas and discoveries in the 16th century. They began with the previous Greek. Concepts and traditions. The methodology soon played a crucial role within the creation of data , and it had been not until the 19th century that a lot of institutional and professional features of science began to take shape; Modern science is generally divided into three main branches consisting of natural sciences: they study nature in a broad sense; Social science, which studies individuals and societies; And formal science:  which studies abstract concepts. There is disagreement: however, on whether formal sciences actually constitute a science because they are not based on empirical evidence. Science is based on research: it is usually done in academic and research institutions, as well as government agencies and companies. The practical impact of research project has led to the increase of scientific policies that seek to influence the scientific company by prioritizing the event of economic products, weapons, health care, and protection of the environment.

History of Science

Academy of Science

In a broader sense, science existed before the modern era and in many historical civilizations. Modern science is different in its approach and successful in its results: hence, it now defines what science is in the strictest sense of the word. Science was a type of knowledge in its original sense, rather than a particular term for the pursuit of such knowledge. Specifically: This was the type of knowledge  which people can communicate with and share with each other. For example: knowledge about how natural things work and the development of complex abstract thinking long before recorded history. This ranges from creating complex calendars, techniques for cooking poisonous plants, public works at scale. National: Like those who took advantage of the flooding of reservoirs, dams and buildings like dikes and pyramids. However no coherent conscious distinction was made between knowledge of such things, which is true altogether communities, and other sorts of community knowledge, like mythology and legal systems. The metallurgy was known in prehistory, and the Vivian culture was the first producer of bronze alloys. The initial use of heating and mixing substances is believed to have turned into alchemy over time. Early cultures neither words nor concepts "science" and "nature" were part of the ideological landscape in the Near East. Ancient knowledge used on the properties of waste natural chemical products for the manufacture of ceramics: ceramics, glass, soap: metals, lime, plaster and waterproofing; He also studied animal physiology: anatomy and purposeful behavior. However, he had a keen interest in medicine: he felt that philosophers had little interest in collecting information only about the natural world before the invention or discovery of the concept of "nature": the same words they describe as natural "ways". Used to do in which a plant grows: and "way" in which: for example: a tribe worships a paper deity. For this reason: It is said that these people were the first philosophers in the strict sense: and also the first people to clearly distinguish "nature" and "convention". Natural Philosophy: Forerunner of Natural Sciences: The knowledge of nature and the things that are true for each community were distinguished, and the special quest for such knowledge was named philosophy, the field of early philosophers- physical. They were mainly speculators or theorists, particularly curious about astronomy. In contrast, classical scientists believed that independent.

Natural Philosophy

Renaissance and early modern science

 New developments in optics played a role in the early Renaissance, challenging long-standing metaphysical ideas about perception, as well as contributing to the improvement and development of technology such as camera obscure and telescope. Before Wee, we now know how the Renaissance began: Roger Bacon, Vitello, and John Peckham produced a school oncology on a causal series that began with Sensation: Perception: and finally Aristotle's personal and universal forms. A vision model later known as:  pg; Spaggi was exploited and studied by Renaissance artists. This theory uses only three of Aristotle's four reasons: formal, material, and final. In the 16th century: Copernicus produced a supporting model of the solar system, in contrast to Ptolemy's geological model. It was based on a theorem that planets have longer orbital periods because their orbits are farther from the center of the motlon which they found to disagree with the Ptolemy model. Kepler and others questioned the notion that the only function of the eye is perception: and focused primarily on the optics of the eye for the propagation of light. Kepler saw the eye as a model, filled with an opening in front of it to create the pupil of the entrance. They found that all the light from one point of view was drawn to a point behind the glass sphere. The optic chain ends in the retina behind the eye. However, Kepler is the best: to improve Copernicus's heliocentric model by exploring Coppellus's laws of planetary motoneur. Kepler did not reject Aristotelian metaphysics and described his work as an exploration of Sorges's harmony. Galileo made innovative experiments and experiments. However: He was persecuted after Pope Urban VIII blessed Galileo to analyze the Copperman system. Galileo used the pope's arguments and put them in Simpton's voice in the "Dialogue on the Tivo Chiefworld 1D System": which greatly influenced  new printing technology was used to publish Several arguments, including some that widely disagree with contemporary views of nature. Rene Descartes and Francis Bacon published philosophical arguments in favor of a new type of non-Aristotelian science. Declan emphasized personal thinking and argued that mathematics should be used instead of geometry to study nature. Bacon emphasized the importance of experimentation over contemplation. Bacon further questioned Aristotle's concepts of formal reason and final reason, and promoted the idea that science should study love. From "simple" natures: like heat, instead of assuming that there is a specific nature: or "formal cause", each complex type of thing. This new science began to see itself as the "laws of nature". This updated approach to nature studies was viewed mechanically. Bacon also argued that science should first target practical inventions to improve human life.

Roger Bacon

Age of Enlightenment of Science

As a precursor to the Age of Enlightenment, Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz succeeded in developing a new physics, now known as classical mechanics, that could be confirmed by experiment and explained using mathematics (Philisize Naturalis Principia Mathematica). Leibniz also included words from Aristotelian physics, but is now used in a new, non-teleological way, for example "energy" and "potential". This led to a change in the vision of objects: where Aristotle saw that objects have certain innate goals that can be real, objects are now considered devoid of innate goals. In the Francis Bacon style, Leibniz considered that different types of things function according to the same general laws of nature, without particular formal or final reasons for each type of things. It is during this period that the term "science" is gradually used to refer to a type of knowledge, especially to a knowledge of nature, which means the ancient term "natural philosophy". During this time, the stated purpose and value of science became the production of wealth and inventions, which would improve human life in the physical sense of having more food, clothing, and other things. In Bacon's words, "the real and legitimate goal of science is to end human life with new inventions and money," and discourage scientists from searching for abstract philosophical or spiritual ideas that they believed were more human Contributed very little to happiness. Science was dominated by scientific societies and academies during the Enlightenment, which transformed universities into centers of scientific research and development. Societies and academies were also the backbone of the maturing of the scientific profession. Another important event was the popularization of science among the rapidly growing population.
Some  marked the 18th century as a dull period in the history of science; However, the century saw significant progress in the practice of medicine, mathematics, and physics; Development of biological classification; A new understanding of magnetism and electricity; And the maturity of chemistry as a discipline, which established the foundations of modern chemistry. In this regard, the lessons of history and the social structures built on it can be discarded. The XIX century is a particularly important period in the history of science, as many distinctive features of contemporary modern science began to take shape during this time, such as: the transformation of life and physics, frequent use of precision instruments, "biologists", The presence of words like "physicist", "scientist"; Slowly moving away from old labels such as "natural philosophy" and "natural history", further professionalization of those studying nature led to a shortage of amateur naturalists, scientists gained cultural authority over many dimensions of society, economic expansion . And the industrialization of many countries enriches the writing of scientific dissemination and the presence of scientific journals.
In the early 1800s, John Dalton suggested modern atomic theory, which was based on Democritus' original idea of individual particles. John Herschel and William 1 both; newel (systematic method: the latter coined the term scientific. When Charles Darwin published Origin of Species, he established evolution as the prime explanation of biological complexity. His theory of natural selection provided a naturalistic explanation of how Originated. Species, but it gained widespread acceptance only a century later. Laws for conservation of energy, conservation of momentum, and conservation of mass suggested a highly stable universe, where there may be little loss of resources. Steam engines With the advent of the. Industrial Revolution, a greater understanding was that not all forms of energy defined in physics were equally useful: they did not have the same energy quality. This understanding led to the development of laws of thermodynamics, free of which The energy universe is seen to decrease continuously: the entropy of a closed universe increases over time. Electromagnetic theory was also established in the Nineteenth century new questions arose which were easily answered using Newton's framework. Su could not be given. Events allowing disintegration of the atom in the last decade of the 19th century: the discovery of X-rays prompted the discovery of radioactivity. The following year the first sub-atomic particle, the electron, was discovered.

Science project

Space Science Project

A science project is an educational activity for students that involves experimentation or model building in one of the science disciplines. Students can present their science project in science fair, so they can also call it science fair project. Science projects can be classified into four main types. Science projects are done by students from all over the world. Experimental Projects Experimental projects, also known as research projects, begin with a question, use the scientific method to complete the investigation, and a report detailing the results and conclusions and a summary. Ends with Engineering projects Engineering projects, also known as technology projects, begin with the design of a machine or mechanical structure to improve power or performance. Researchers apply all their design ideas to the models they create. The model will be tested to evaluate the design. Visualization Projects Visualization projects include the creative montage of a visualization panel and the creation of a model to show the visual representation of a large event. Creating a model of a solar system, a house, or a simple electrical circuit is considered an exhibition project. Display boards are used to enhance the presentation. A tablet can be connected to a display panel to create an interactive display panel. Theoretical Projects Theoretical projects may include formats similar to experimental or engineering projects. However, for various possible reasons, such as lack of feasibility due to cost, actual experimentation is not done.

Science fair

The Science Fair is a competitive event, organized by schools around the world. The hallmark of a science fair is that project entries use the scientific method to test a hypothesis. There are no science fair exhibitions or just project exhibitions. Students present the results of their science projects in the form of a report, a blackboard, or a model they have created. Science fairs allow elementary, middle and high school students to compete in science and technology activities. The goal of science fair is to give students the answer to a hypothesis based question. Students  work on science fair  in addition to their school work. Therefore, most science fair tickets are generally modified versions of existing experiments. Display panels help science fair judges, visitors and other participants tell the specifics of a project. The science fair also provides a mechanism for students with a keen interest in science to combine students with mentors from nearby colleges and universities, so that they can use the instruction and equipment from local schools. The history of science fairs dates back to 1942, when William Emerson Ritter and Edward W. Scripps started "The Science Talent hunt" for high school students. The first United States National Science Fair was won by Alan J. Fletcher with an exhibition of the laws of motion when he was IS. In the United States, science fairs became popular from 1950s. Interest in science reached a new level after the world's first two nuclear weapons use and television dawn. As the decade progressed, scientific stories in the news, such as the introduction of Jonas Salk polio shot and Sputnik, brought science fiction into reality and drew a growing number of students to fairs. Science Fair Competitions Most countries have regional science fairs, in which interested students can participate independently. The winners of these regional fairs send the students to national fairs like ISEF and CWSF. National science fairs usually send winners to international fairs such as ISET and EUCYS.