ASSAM

ASSAM

Assam

Assam is  in northeastern India, located south of the eastern Himalayas along the Barak valleys and Brahmaputra. a neighborhood of Assam is included. The state borders north of Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh; Nagaland and Manipur within the east; Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram and Bangladesh within the south; And West Bengal through the Siliguri Corridor, a strip of land that connects the state with the remainder of India. it's one among the foremost populous subdivisions within the world. Assamese is that the official and commonest language, followed by Bengali, second most common: Assam is understood for Assam tea and Assam silk. The state was the primary site for oil extraction in Asia. Assam is home to single-house Indian rhinos also as various species of untamed water ox , peggy pig, tiger and Asian birds, and provides one among the last wild habitats for the Asian elephant. The economy is supported in favor of wildlife tourism at Kaziranga park and Manas park , which are a World Heritage Site. Dibru-Saikhowa park is legendary for its wild horses. Saline tree forests are within the state, which, as a results of abundant rainfall, they appear green throughout the year. Assam receives more rainfall than most parts of India; This rain feeds the Brahmaputra , whose tributaries and oxen lakes provide a hydrological environment to the region.

one-horned-Rino

Etymology Of ASSAM

In the classical period and up to the 12th century, east of the river Karatoya, which is largely consistent with present-day Assam, was called Kamarupa and alternatively Pragjyotisha. Although the western part of Assam as a region continued to be called Kamarupa, the kingdom of Ahom which originated in the east and dominated the entire Brahmaputra valley was called Assam; And the British province was also called Assam. Although the exact etymology of Assam is unclear, the name Assam is associated with the Ahom people, originally called Shyam history pre-history Assam, and evidence of human settlement in the surrounding areas since the beginning of the Stone Age.  The hills at altitudes of 1,500–2,000 feet were likely due to the availability of the popular dolite basol, which was useful for making equipment. The Ambari site in Guwahati has revealed artifacts of the Sunga-Kushan era, including a flight of stairs and a water tank dating from the first century BCE. C. And may be 2,000 years old. Experts speculate that another important fmd in Ambari is Roman pottery from the second century BC Roman Rowlet. C. Legend According to a late text, the Kalika Purana, the first ruler of Assam was the Mahiranga Demon of the Bodo-Kachari Demon dynasty, which was abolished by Naraka and Vino established the Naraka dynasty. The last of these rulers, Naraka, was also killed by Krishna. Narlaka's son Bhagadatta became king. Neil fought for the Kauravas in the battle of Kurukshetra, with an army of kirats, chins and the inhabitants of the east coast. At the same time, in the east, in the center of Assam, the Asura kingdom was ruled by another line of Bodo-Kachari kings.

Kamakhya-Temple

Ancient Era Of ASSAM

The Allahabad pillar of Samudragupta in the antiquity of the 4th century mentions Kamarupa and Dawaka as the border states of the Gupta Empire. Dauka was later absorbed by Kamarupa, which became a great empire, stretching from the Karodoya River to present-day Saadia and covering the entire Brahmaputra Valley, northern Bengal, parts of Bangladesh and sometimes Purnia and some Was covered parts. West of Bengal. The kingdom was ruled by three dynasties who traced their descent from a Mlechcha or Kirat Narka; Varman, the Mlechcha dynasty and Kamarupa-Pal, from their capitals in Guwahati, Tezpur and northern Gauhati respectively. The three dynasties claimed descent from Narakasura. In the reign of King Varman, Bhaskaravarman, the Chinese traveler Xuanzang visited the region and recorded his journey. Later, after being weakened and disintegrated, the Kamarupa tradition was extended to  1255 b. C. For the Lunar I and Lunar II dynasties. Shang built his kingdom and consolidated his power in East Assam as his capital Sibsagar. In the early 1500s, the Ahoms ruled a small kingdom in Sibsagar district and suddenly had the advantage of weakening the rule of Chutia and Dimasa states during the rule of King Suhangamang. In 1681, all the roads along the border of modern Goalpara district were permanently under its influence. In the early 16th century, the Ahoms ruled for nearly 600 years, with large expansions at the expense of the courts of Cimpedia and Dimasa.  Since the 13th century, the main center of Ahom politics was Upper Assam; The kingdom gradually spread to the Karatoya River in the 17th or 18th century. It was at its peak during the reign of another Bodo-Kachari dynasty, Sukhrangfa or Swagorodu Rudra Sinha  Koch, the sovereignty established in  1510 AD The Koch empire in western Assam and present-day North Bengal was at its peak at the beginning of Nara Narayan's reign. It was divided into two parts in  1581 AD, western part as Mogul Jagir and eastern part as Ahom satellite state. Later, in 1682, the coach was completely abolished by Hajo Ahom. Despite several invasions, mainly by Muslim rulers, no Western authority ruled Assam until the British arrived. Although the Mughals attempted seventeen invasions, they were never successful. The most successful invader Mir Jatanala, a governor of Aurangzeb briefly captured the then capital Garhgaon, but found it difficult to escape guerrilla attacks on his forces. The decisive victory of the Assamese under the leadership of General Lachit Borfukan over the Mughals, then under the command of King Ram Sinha in the Battle of Saraighat in 1671, practically ended the Mughal ambitions of the region. 1682 AD During the reign of Gadadhar Sinha, the Mughals were completely defeated in the Battle of Itkhuli and migrated from Lower Assam.

Lachit-Borphukan

Colonial Era Of ASSAM

There was evidence in 1836–37 in London after the discovery of Camellia sinensis in 1834 in Assam.  Subsequently, tea plantations proliferated in eastern Assam, where the soil and climate were most suitable. Problems with the Chinese imported Han workers from China and hostility from native Assamese resulted in the exodus of forced laborers from central and eastern parts of India. After initial trial and error with planting Chinese and Asmesa-Chinese hybrid varieties, planters accepted the local Camellia asmica as the most suitable variety for Assam. In the 1850s, the industry began to gain some benefits. The industry experienced early growth when, in 1861, investors were allowed their land in Assam and during 1870 saw substantial progress with the invention of new technologies and machinery for preparing processed tea. Despite commercial success. Tea workers continued to exploit, work and live in poor conditions. Fearing further government intervention, tea producers formed the Indian Tea Association in 1888 to create pressure and maintain status quo. The organization was successful in this, but even after the independence of India, there has been very little improvement in the condition of the workers. In the late 18th century, religious tensions and atrocities caused by the nobles due to the Moamoria uprising led to a tremendous crash of life and property. The rebellion was suppressed but the state was weakened badly by civil war. Due to political rivalry between Prime Minister Purnanand Burhagohin and Western Assam's Viceroy Ahom, Badan Chandra Borfulkain, the latter received an invitation to Burmese, which led to the Burgess invasion of Assam's three successors. The reigning emperor Chandrakanta Sinha tried to control the Burmese invaders, but was defeated after fierce resistance. And Ahom claimed that Assam was annexed by Burma. The Burmese spread an empire of terror against the Assamese people, who fled to neighboring states and British-ruled Bengal. The Burmese reached the borders of the East India Company, and the first Anglo-Burmese War took place in 1824. The war ended in 1826 under the Treaty of Yandabo, the Company took control of West Assam and established Purand Singh. In 1833 as king of Upper Assam. This settlement lasted until 1838 and after that the British gradually closed the whole area. Subsequently, instead of Assamese, the court language and medium of instruction became Bengali in educational institutions of Assam. From 1836 to 1873, this use of foreign language created high unemployment among the people of Assam and Assamese literature naturally came into its growth.Initially, Assam became part of the Bengal Presidency, then in 1906 it became part of the Eastern Province of Bengal and Assam and in 1912 it was reorganized into a province of Chief Commissioners. In 1913, a Legislative Council was formed and in 1937, the Assam Legislative Assembly in Shillong, the former capital of the region. 

Assam-Tea-garden

British tea plantation workers imported labor from central India and joined the demographic canvas. The region of Assam was first separated from Bengal in 1874, known as the irregular province of the 'Northeast Frontier', also known as the Commissioner of Assam Headquarters. It was incorporated into the new province of East Bengal and Assam in 1905 after the partition of Bengal and was re-established as Assam province in 1912. After some initial unsuccessful attempts to gain the independence of Assam during the 1850s, after uniting and actively supporting the Indian National Congress against the British in the early 20th century, Gopinath Bordoloi was a former eminent nationalist leader Emerged as. Assam Congress. Bordoloi's main political rival at this time was Sir Saidullah, who represented the Muslim League, and was supported by the influential Muslim cleric Maulana Bhasani. The Assam Post Circle was established in 1873 under the direction of the Deputy Director General of Post. In early 1900, British India consisted of eight provinces administered by a governor or a lieutenant governor. The province of Assam was one of the top eight provinces of British India. The table below shows the main native provinces during British India covering the province of Assam under the administrative office of the Chief Commissioner. 

Gopinath-Bordoloi

Modern History Of ASSAM 

The Government of India, which has unilateral powers to change the boundaries of one state, Assam was divided into several states in Assam starting in 1970. In 1963, Nagaland district became the 16th state in India by the name of Nagaland. A part of Tuensang was added to Nagaland. In 1970, in response to the demands of the Khasi, Jaintia and Garo people of the Meghalaya plateau, the districts of Khasi, Jaintia Hills and Garo Hills were formed into an autonomous state with Assam; In 1972, it became a separate state under the name of Meghalaya. In 1972, Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram were separated from Assam as Union Territories; Both became states in 1986. Since the reorganization of Assam after independence, communal tension and violence has persisted. Separatist groups began to form along ethnic lines, and demands for autonomy and sovereignty increased, leading to the fragmentation of Assam. In 1961, the Government of Assam passed a law mandating the use of the Assamese language. Later he came back under pressure from Bengali speaking people in Cachar. In the 1980s, the Brahmaputra Valley witnessed a six-year-old upheaval in Assam, sparked by a surge in registered voters in electoral lists. It tried to force the government to identify and deport foreigners who migrate illegally from neighboring Bangladesh and provide constitutional, legislative, administrative and cultural guarantees for the majority of the indigenous people of Asmesa, who They felt threatened due to increased migration from Bangladesh. The unrest ended after an agreement between its leaders and the central government was not implemented, which led to dissatisfaction. The 1970s saw the rise of separatist armed groups such as the Assom United Liberation Front. The Karbi Anglong, the northern Cachar hills and those near Guwahati which are now erased and dissected are basically part of the South Indian plateau system. Guwahati is the gateway to Northeast India. Silchar is the second most populous city in Assam and an important business center. Other major cities include Dibrugarh, an industrial center for oil and natural gas,