Importance Of Education, शिक्षा का महत्व

 

Importance Of Education

शिक्षा का महत्व: एक विद्वतापूर्ण विश्लेषण

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शिक्षा का महत्व: एक संरचनात्मक व्याख्या

1. सामाजिक पुनर्गठन में शिक्षा की भूमिका

शिक्षा मानव समाज की आधारशिला है। यह केवल व्यक्तिगत विकास तक सीमित नहीं है, बल्कि समग्र सामाजिक पुनर्गठन का भी मार्गदर्शन करती है। एक शिक्षित समाज में सामाजिक न्याय, समानता, और समावेशिता जैसे आदर्श प्रभावी रूप से लागू किए जा सकते हैं। शिक्षा न केवल व्यावसायिक उपलब्धियों के लिए, बल्कि सांस्कृतिक और नैतिक उन्नति के लिए भी आवश्यक है। यह सामाजिक ताने-बाने को मजबूत करती है और विभिन्न वर्गों के बीच समरसता स्थापित करती है।

2. ज्ञान के समृद्धि और आत्मनिर्भरता का विकास

शिक्षा का उद्देश्य मात्र जानकारी प्रदान करना नहीं है, बल्कि आत्मनिर्भरता और आत्मविश्वास को पोषित करना है। यह व्यक्ति को आलोचनात्मक सोच विकसित करने, तर्कसंगत दृष्टिकोण अपनाने और जीवन में स्वतंत्र निर्णय लेने की क्षमता प्रदान करती है। शिक्षित व्यक्ति स्वयं के साथ-साथ अपने परिवार और समुदाय के लिए भी सकारात्मक परिवर्तन ला सकता है।

3. आर्थिक विकास और उद्यमशीलता

शिक्षा किसी भी राष्ट्र की आर्थिक प्रगति में प्रमुख भूमिका निभाती है। यह न केवल व्यक्तिगत स्तर पर आय वृद्धि का साधन है, बल्कि सामूहिक रूप से यह उत्पादकता और नवाचार को भी बढ़ावा देती है। शिक्षित कार्यबल राष्ट्रीय और वैश्विक अर्थव्यवस्था के लिए एक मूल्यवान संपत्ति होती है। इसके साथ ही, शिक्षा उद्यमशीलता और स्टार्टअप कल्चर को भी प्रोत्साहित करती है, जो आर्थिक विकास के नए द्वार खोलती है।

4. स्वास्थ्य संबंधी निर्णयों में शिक्षा की प्रासंगिकता

शिक्षा का प्रभाव व्यक्ति की स्वास्थ्य संबंधी समझ और निर्णय लेने की क्षमता पर स्पष्ट रूप से देखा जा सकता है। शिक्षित लोग स्वस्थ जीवनशैली अपनाने, संक्रामक बीमारियों से बचने, और मानसिक स्वास्थ्य के महत्व को समझने में अधिक सक्षम होते हैं। इसके अतिरिक्त, मातृ और शिशु मृत्यु दर को कम करने में शिक्षा की भूमिका अनिवार्य है। बेहतर स्वास्थ्य सेवाओं की समझ और उनकी उपलब्धता को बढ़ाने में शिक्षा का योगदान अभूतपूर्व है।

5. सामाजिक समानता और न्याय का संवर्धन

शिक्षा सामाजिक असमानताओं को कम करने का एक प्रभावी साधन है। यह व्यक्ति को भेदभाव, अन्याय और पूर्वाग्रहों से लड़ने के लिए सशक्त बनाती है। जाति, धर्म, लिंग और आर्थिक असमानताओं को समाप्त करने के लिए शिक्षा का प्रसार आवश्यक है। जब शिक्षा सभी वर्गों तक समान रूप से पहुँचती है, तो यह समाज को एकजुट और न्यायसंगत बनाती है।

6. वैज्ञानिक और तकनीकी प्रगति का आधार

शोध और नवाचार का आधार शिक्षा है। यह जिज्ञासा को प्रोत्साहित करती है और व्यक्तियों को नई तकनीकों और प्रक्रियाओं के विकास के लिए प्रेरित करती है। एक मजबूत वैज्ञानिक शिक्षा प्रणाली किसी भी देश की प्रौद्योगिकी और शोध में आत्मनिर्भरता सुनिश्चित करती है। यह डिजिटल युग में विशेष रूप से महत्वपूर्ण हो जाती है, जहाँ तकनीकी प्रगति का सीधा संबंध राष्ट्रीय शक्ति से होता है।

7. परिवार और समाज का सशक्तिकरण

शिक्षा का प्रभाव केवल व्यक्तिगत जीवन तक सीमित नहीं रहता; यह परिवार और समाज के व्यापक विकास में सहायक होती है। एक शिक्षित व्यक्ति अपने परिवार को सामाजिक और आर्थिक दृष्टि से समृद्ध बनाने में सक्षम होता है। यह अगली पीढ़ियों के लिए भी एक प्रेरणा स्रोत बनता है। समाज के हर स्तर पर शिक्षा एक शक्तिशाली उपकरण है जो सामाजिक एकजुटता को बढ़ावा देती है।

8. नैतिकता और सामाजिक मूल्यों का विकास

शिक्षा का महत्व केवल व्यावसायिक दक्षता तक सीमित नहीं है। यह नैतिकता, सहिष्णुता और सामाजिक जिम्मेदारी जैसे गुणों को भी विकसित करती है। एक शिक्षित समाज में भ्रष्टाचार, अपराध और असामाजिक गतिविधियों की संभावना कम होती है। शिक्षा व्यक्ति को केवल अपने अधिकारों से अवगत नहीं कराती, बल्कि कर्तव्यों के प्रति भी जागरूक बनाती है।

9. व्यक्तिगत सपनों को साकार करने का माध्यम

शिक्षा व्यक्ति को अपने लक्ष्यों और सपनों को साकार करने का साधन प्रदान करती है। यह उसे आत्ममूल्यांकन, आत्मसुधार और निरंतर प्रगति के लिए प्रेरित करती है। यह न केवल सफलता की ओर ले जाती है, बल्कि जीवन के प्रति सकारात्मक दृष्टिकोण भी विकसित करती है। शिक्षा के माध्यम से व्यक्ति अपने जीवन में संतोष और खुशी प्राप्त कर सकता है।

10. राष्ट्रीय प्रगति और स्थिरता का आधार

शिक्षा किसी भी राष्ट्र की सामाजिक, आर्थिक और राजनीतिक स्थिरता का मुख्य आधार है। यह नागरिकों को जागरूक, जिम्मेदार और सक्रिय भागीदार बनाती है, जो एक समृद्ध और स्थिर राष्ट्र के निर्माण में सहायक होते हैं। शिक्षा के अभाव में न केवल व्यक्तिगत, बल्कि राष्ट्रीय प्रगति भी रुक जाती है।

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शिक्षा का प्रभाव: एक व्यापक विश्लेषण

शिक्षा का प्रभाव न केवल व्यक्तियों के व्यक्तिगत जीवन पर पड़ता है, बल्कि यह समाज के समग्र ढांचे को भी प्रभावित करता है।

• पेशेवर दक्षता और नेतृत्व क्षमता: शिक्षा व्यक्ति को केवल तकनीकी कौशल ही नहीं, बल्कि नेतृत्व और संचार जैसे महत्वपूर्ण गुणों से भी सुसज्जित करती है। यह उसे जटिल परियोजनाओं और टीम प्रबंधन में सफल बनाती है।

• व्यक्तिगत और आध्यात्मिक विकास: शिक्षा आत्मविश्लेषण, आत्म-सुधार और संतुलन को बढ़ावा देती है। यह व्यक्ति को अपने आंतरिक और बाह्य जीवन में समरसता स्थापित करने में मदद करती है।

• समस्याओं के समाधान में विशेषज्ञता: शिक्षा व्यक्ति को जटिल समस्याओं का विश्लेषण करने और नवाचारी समाधान प्रस्तुत करने में सक्षम बनाती है। यह कौशल हर क्षेत्र में अत्यधिक महत्वपूर्ण है।

  निष्कर्ष

  शिक्षा केवल व्यक्तिगत उन्नति का माध्यम नहीं है, बल्कि यह समाज और राष्ट्र के समग्र विकास की कुंजी है। यह मानव जीवन के हर पहलू को प्रभावित करती है और एक प्रगतिशील, समृद्ध, और स्थिर समाज का निर्माण करती है।

The First World War

The Great War: A Turning Point in British History

The First World War, also known as the Great War, was a catastrophic event that changed the course of British history. Lasting from 1914 to 1918, the war left a lasting impact on the world, and its effects are still felt today. In this article, we will explore the causes, events, and consequences of the First World War and examine how it shaped modern Britain.

ASSAM

ASSAM

Assam

Assam is  in northeastern India, located south of the eastern Himalayas along the Barak valleys and Brahmaputra. a neighborhood of Assam is included. The state borders north of Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh; Nagaland and Manipur within the east; Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram and Bangladesh within the south; And West Bengal through the Siliguri Corridor, a strip of land that connects the state with the remainder of India. it's one among the foremost populous subdivisions within the world. Assamese is that the official and commonest language, followed by Bengali, second most common: Assam is understood for Assam tea and Assam silk. The state was the primary site for oil extraction in Asia. Assam is home to single-house Indian rhinos also as various species of untamed water ox , peggy pig, tiger and Asian birds, and provides one among the last wild habitats for the Asian elephant. The economy is supported in favor of wildlife tourism at Kaziranga park and Manas park , which are a World Heritage Site. Dibru-Saikhowa park is legendary for its wild horses. Saline tree forests are within the state, which, as a results of abundant rainfall, they appear green throughout the year. Assam receives more rainfall than most parts of India; This rain feeds the Brahmaputra , whose tributaries and oxen lakes provide a hydrological environment to the region.

one-horned-Rino

Etymology Of ASSAM

In the classical period and up to the 12th century, east of the river Karatoya, which is largely consistent with present-day Assam, was called Kamarupa and alternatively Pragjyotisha. Although the western part of Assam as a region continued to be called Kamarupa, the kingdom of Ahom which originated in the east and dominated the entire Brahmaputra valley was called Assam; And the British province was also called Assam. Although the exact etymology of Assam is unclear, the name Assam is associated with the Ahom people, originally called Shyam history pre-history Assam, and evidence of human settlement in the surrounding areas since the beginning of the Stone Age.  The hills at altitudes of 1,500–2,000 feet were likely due to the availability of the popular dolite basol, which was useful for making equipment. The Ambari site in Guwahati has revealed artifacts of the Sunga-Kushan era, including a flight of stairs and a water tank dating from the first century BCE. C. And may be 2,000 years old. Experts speculate that another important fmd in Ambari is Roman pottery from the second century BC Roman Rowlet. C. Legend According to a late text, the Kalika Purana, the first ruler of Assam was the Mahiranga Demon of the Bodo-Kachari Demon dynasty, which was abolished by Naraka and Vino established the Naraka dynasty. The last of these rulers, Naraka, was also killed by Krishna. Narlaka's son Bhagadatta became king. Neil fought for the Kauravas in the battle of Kurukshetra, with an army of kirats, chins and the inhabitants of the east coast. At the same time, in the east, in the center of Assam, the Asura kingdom was ruled by another line of Bodo-Kachari kings.

Kamakhya-Temple

Ancient Era Of ASSAM

The Allahabad pillar of Samudragupta in the antiquity of the 4th century mentions Kamarupa and Dawaka as the border states of the Gupta Empire. Dauka was later absorbed by Kamarupa, which became a great empire, stretching from the Karodoya River to present-day Saadia and covering the entire Brahmaputra Valley, northern Bengal, parts of Bangladesh and sometimes Purnia and some Was covered parts. West of Bengal. The kingdom was ruled by three dynasties who traced their descent from a Mlechcha or Kirat Narka; Varman, the Mlechcha dynasty and Kamarupa-Pal, from their capitals in Guwahati, Tezpur and northern Gauhati respectively. The three dynasties claimed descent from Narakasura. In the reign of King Varman, Bhaskaravarman, the Chinese traveler Xuanzang visited the region and recorded his journey. Later, after being weakened and disintegrated, the Kamarupa tradition was extended to  1255 b. C. For the Lunar I and Lunar II dynasties. Shang built his kingdom and consolidated his power in East Assam as his capital Sibsagar. In the early 1500s, the Ahoms ruled a small kingdom in Sibsagar district and suddenly had the advantage of weakening the rule of Chutia and Dimasa states during the rule of King Suhangamang. In 1681, all the roads along the border of modern Goalpara district were permanently under its influence. In the early 16th century, the Ahoms ruled for nearly 600 years, with large expansions at the expense of the courts of Cimpedia and Dimasa.  Since the 13th century, the main center of Ahom politics was Upper Assam; The kingdom gradually spread to the Karatoya River in the 17th or 18th century. It was at its peak during the reign of another Bodo-Kachari dynasty, Sukhrangfa or Swagorodu Rudra Sinha  Koch, the sovereignty established in  1510 AD The Koch empire in western Assam and present-day North Bengal was at its peak at the beginning of Nara Narayan's reign. It was divided into two parts in  1581 AD, western part as Mogul Jagir and eastern part as Ahom satellite state. Later, in 1682, the coach was completely abolished by Hajo Ahom. Despite several invasions, mainly by Muslim rulers, no Western authority ruled Assam until the British arrived. Although the Mughals attempted seventeen invasions, they were never successful. The most successful invader Mir Jatanala, a governor of Aurangzeb briefly captured the then capital Garhgaon, but found it difficult to escape guerrilla attacks on his forces. The decisive victory of the Assamese under the leadership of General Lachit Borfukan over the Mughals, then under the command of King Ram Sinha in the Battle of Saraighat in 1671, practically ended the Mughal ambitions of the region. 1682 AD During the reign of Gadadhar Sinha, the Mughals were completely defeated in the Battle of Itkhuli and migrated from Lower Assam.

Lachit-Borphukan

Colonial Era Of ASSAM

There was evidence in 1836–37 in London after the discovery of Camellia sinensis in 1834 in Assam.  Subsequently, tea plantations proliferated in eastern Assam, where the soil and climate were most suitable. Problems with the Chinese imported Han workers from China and hostility from native Assamese resulted in the exodus of forced laborers from central and eastern parts of India. After initial trial and error with planting Chinese and Asmesa-Chinese hybrid varieties, planters accepted the local Camellia asmica as the most suitable variety for Assam. In the 1850s, the industry began to gain some benefits. The industry experienced early growth when, in 1861, investors were allowed their land in Assam and during 1870 saw substantial progress with the invention of new technologies and machinery for preparing processed tea. Despite commercial success. Tea workers continued to exploit, work and live in poor conditions. Fearing further government intervention, tea producers formed the Indian Tea Association in 1888 to create pressure and maintain status quo. The organization was successful in this, but even after the independence of India, there has been very little improvement in the condition of the workers. In the late 18th century, religious tensions and atrocities caused by the nobles due to the Moamoria uprising led to a tremendous crash of life and property. The rebellion was suppressed but the state was weakened badly by civil war. Due to political rivalry between Prime Minister Purnanand Burhagohin and Western Assam's Viceroy Ahom, Badan Chandra Borfulkain, the latter received an invitation to Burmese, which led to the Burgess invasion of Assam's three successors. The reigning emperor Chandrakanta Sinha tried to control the Burmese invaders, but was defeated after fierce resistance. And Ahom claimed that Assam was annexed by Burma. The Burmese spread an empire of terror against the Assamese people, who fled to neighboring states and British-ruled Bengal. The Burmese reached the borders of the East India Company, and the first Anglo-Burmese War took place in 1824. The war ended in 1826 under the Treaty of Yandabo, the Company took control of West Assam and established Purand Singh. In 1833 as king of Upper Assam. This settlement lasted until 1838 and after that the British gradually closed the whole area. Subsequently, instead of Assamese, the court language and medium of instruction became Bengali in educational institutions of Assam. From 1836 to 1873, this use of foreign language created high unemployment among the people of Assam and Assamese literature naturally came into its growth.Initially, Assam became part of the Bengal Presidency, then in 1906 it became part of the Eastern Province of Bengal and Assam and in 1912 it was reorganized into a province of Chief Commissioners. In 1913, a Legislative Council was formed and in 1937, the Assam Legislative Assembly in Shillong, the former capital of the region. 

Assam-Tea-garden

British tea plantation workers imported labor from central India and joined the demographic canvas. The region of Assam was first separated from Bengal in 1874, known as the irregular province of the 'Northeast Frontier', also known as the Commissioner of Assam Headquarters. It was incorporated into the new province of East Bengal and Assam in 1905 after the partition of Bengal and was re-established as Assam province in 1912. After some initial unsuccessful attempts to gain the independence of Assam during the 1850s, after uniting and actively supporting the Indian National Congress against the British in the early 20th century, Gopinath Bordoloi was a former eminent nationalist leader Emerged as. Assam Congress. Bordoloi's main political rival at this time was Sir Saidullah, who represented the Muslim League, and was supported by the influential Muslim cleric Maulana Bhasani. The Assam Post Circle was established in 1873 under the direction of the Deputy Director General of Post. In early 1900, British India consisted of eight provinces administered by a governor or a lieutenant governor. The province of Assam was one of the top eight provinces of British India. The table below shows the main native provinces during British India covering the province of Assam under the administrative office of the Chief Commissioner. 

Gopinath-Bordoloi

Modern History Of ASSAM 

The Government of India, which has unilateral powers to change the boundaries of one state, Assam was divided into several states in Assam starting in 1970. In 1963, Nagaland district became the 16th state in India by the name of Nagaland. A part of Tuensang was added to Nagaland. In 1970, in response to the demands of the Khasi, Jaintia and Garo people of the Meghalaya plateau, the districts of Khasi, Jaintia Hills and Garo Hills were formed into an autonomous state with Assam; In 1972, it became a separate state under the name of Meghalaya. In 1972, Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram were separated from Assam as Union Territories; Both became states in 1986. Since the reorganization of Assam after independence, communal tension and violence has persisted. Separatist groups began to form along ethnic lines, and demands for autonomy and sovereignty increased, leading to the fragmentation of Assam. In 1961, the Government of Assam passed a law mandating the use of the Assamese language. Later he came back under pressure from Bengali speaking people in Cachar. In the 1980s, the Brahmaputra Valley witnessed a six-year-old upheaval in Assam, sparked by a surge in registered voters in electoral lists. It tried to force the government to identify and deport foreigners who migrate illegally from neighboring Bangladesh and provide constitutional, legislative, administrative and cultural guarantees for the majority of the indigenous people of Asmesa, who They felt threatened due to increased migration from Bangladesh. The unrest ended after an agreement between its leaders and the central government was not implemented, which led to dissatisfaction. The 1970s saw the rise of separatist armed groups such as the Assom United Liberation Front. The Karbi Anglong, the northern Cachar hills and those near Guwahati which are now erased and dissected are basically part of the South Indian plateau system. Guwahati is the gateway to Northeast India. Silchar is the second most populous city in Assam and an important business center. Other major cities include Dibrugarh, an industrial center for oil and natural gas,

 

Science

Science

Science is a systematic undertaking that constructs and organizes knowledge about the universe in the form of verifiable explanations and predictions. The first roots of science go back to ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia from about 3500 to 3000 BCE. C. His contribution to mathematics: astronomy and medicine entered and shaped Greek physics of classical antiquity: making formal efforts to supply an evidence of events within the physical world based on natural causes. But it was preserved in the Muslim world during the Islamic Golden Age. The scientific revolution that began as new ideas and discoveries in the 16th century. They began with the previous Greek. Concepts and traditions. The methodology soon played a crucial role within the creation of data , and it had been not until the 19th century that a lot of institutional and professional features of science began to take shape; Modern science is generally divided into three main branches consisting of natural sciences: they study nature in a broad sense; Social science, which studies individuals and societies; And formal science:  which studies abstract concepts. There is disagreement: however, on whether formal sciences actually constitute a science because they are not based on empirical evidence. Science is based on research: it is usually done in academic and research institutions, as well as government agencies and companies. The practical impact of research project has led to the increase of scientific policies that seek to influence the scientific company by prioritizing the event of economic products, weapons, health care, and protection of the environment.

History of Science

Academy of Science

In a broader sense, science existed before the modern era and in many historical civilizations. Modern science is different in its approach and successful in its results: hence, it now defines what science is in the strictest sense of the word. Science was a type of knowledge in its original sense, rather than a particular term for the pursuit of such knowledge. Specifically: This was the type of knowledge  which people can communicate with and share with each other. For example: knowledge about how natural things work and the development of complex abstract thinking long before recorded history. This ranges from creating complex calendars, techniques for cooking poisonous plants, public works at scale. National: Like those who took advantage of the flooding of reservoirs, dams and buildings like dikes and pyramids. However no coherent conscious distinction was made between knowledge of such things, which is true altogether communities, and other sorts of community knowledge, like mythology and legal systems. The metallurgy was known in prehistory, and the Vivian culture was the first producer of bronze alloys. The initial use of heating and mixing substances is believed to have turned into alchemy over time. Early cultures neither words nor concepts "science" and "nature" were part of the ideological landscape in the Near East. Ancient knowledge used on the properties of waste natural chemical products for the manufacture of ceramics: ceramics, glass, soap: metals, lime, plaster and waterproofing; He also studied animal physiology: anatomy and purposeful behavior. However, he had a keen interest in medicine: he felt that philosophers had little interest in collecting information only about the natural world before the invention or discovery of the concept of "nature": the same words they describe as natural "ways". Used to do in which a plant grows: and "way" in which: for example: a tribe worships a paper deity. For this reason: It is said that these people were the first philosophers in the strict sense: and also the first people to clearly distinguish "nature" and "convention". Natural Philosophy: Forerunner of Natural Sciences: The knowledge of nature and the things that are true for each community were distinguished, and the special quest for such knowledge was named philosophy, the field of early philosophers- physical. They were mainly speculators or theorists, particularly curious about astronomy. In contrast, classical scientists believed that independent.

Natural Philosophy

Renaissance and early modern science

 New developments in optics played a role in the early Renaissance, challenging long-standing metaphysical ideas about perception, as well as contributing to the improvement and development of technology such as camera obscure and telescope. Before Wee, we now know how the Renaissance began: Roger Bacon, Vitello, and John Peckham produced a school oncology on a causal series that began with Sensation: Perception: and finally Aristotle's personal and universal forms. A vision model later known as:  pg; Spaggi was exploited and studied by Renaissance artists. This theory uses only three of Aristotle's four reasons: formal, material, and final. In the 16th century: Copernicus produced a supporting model of the solar system, in contrast to Ptolemy's geological model. It was based on a theorem that planets have longer orbital periods because their orbits are farther from the center of the motlon which they found to disagree with the Ptolemy model. Kepler and others questioned the notion that the only function of the eye is perception: and focused primarily on the optics of the eye for the propagation of light. Kepler saw the eye as a model, filled with an opening in front of it to create the pupil of the entrance. They found that all the light from one point of view was drawn to a point behind the glass sphere. The optic chain ends in the retina behind the eye. However, Kepler is the best: to improve Copernicus's heliocentric model by exploring Coppellus's laws of planetary motoneur. Kepler did not reject Aristotelian metaphysics and described his work as an exploration of Sorges's harmony. Galileo made innovative experiments and experiments. However: He was persecuted after Pope Urban VIII blessed Galileo to analyze the Copperman system. Galileo used the pope's arguments and put them in Simpton's voice in the "Dialogue on the Tivo Chiefworld 1D System": which greatly influenced  new printing technology was used to publish Several arguments, including some that widely disagree with contemporary views of nature. Rene Descartes and Francis Bacon published philosophical arguments in favor of a new type of non-Aristotelian science. Declan emphasized personal thinking and argued that mathematics should be used instead of geometry to study nature. Bacon emphasized the importance of experimentation over contemplation. Bacon further questioned Aristotle's concepts of formal reason and final reason, and promoted the idea that science should study love. From "simple" natures: like heat, instead of assuming that there is a specific nature: or "formal cause", each complex type of thing. This new science began to see itself as the "laws of nature". This updated approach to nature studies was viewed mechanically. Bacon also argued that science should first target practical inventions to improve human life.

Roger Bacon

Age of Enlightenment of Science

As a precursor to the Age of Enlightenment, Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz succeeded in developing a new physics, now known as classical mechanics, that could be confirmed by experiment and explained using mathematics (Philisize Naturalis Principia Mathematica). Leibniz also included words from Aristotelian physics, but is now used in a new, non-teleological way, for example "energy" and "potential". This led to a change in the vision of objects: where Aristotle saw that objects have certain innate goals that can be real, objects are now considered devoid of innate goals. In the Francis Bacon style, Leibniz considered that different types of things function according to the same general laws of nature, without particular formal or final reasons for each type of things. It is during this period that the term "science" is gradually used to refer to a type of knowledge, especially to a knowledge of nature, which means the ancient term "natural philosophy". During this time, the stated purpose and value of science became the production of wealth and inventions, which would improve human life in the physical sense of having more food, clothing, and other things. In Bacon's words, "the real and legitimate goal of science is to end human life with new inventions and money," and discourage scientists from searching for abstract philosophical or spiritual ideas that they believed were more human Contributed very little to happiness. Science was dominated by scientific societies and academies during the Enlightenment, which transformed universities into centers of scientific research and development. Societies and academies were also the backbone of the maturing of the scientific profession. Another important event was the popularization of science among the rapidly growing population.
Some  marked the 18th century as a dull period in the history of science; However, the century saw significant progress in the practice of medicine, mathematics, and physics; Development of biological classification; A new understanding of magnetism and electricity; And the maturity of chemistry as a discipline, which established the foundations of modern chemistry. In this regard, the lessons of history and the social structures built on it can be discarded. The XIX century is a particularly important period in the history of science, as many distinctive features of contemporary modern science began to take shape during this time, such as: the transformation of life and physics, frequent use of precision instruments, "biologists", The presence of words like "physicist", "scientist"; Slowly moving away from old labels such as "natural philosophy" and "natural history", further professionalization of those studying nature led to a shortage of amateur naturalists, scientists gained cultural authority over many dimensions of society, economic expansion . And the industrialization of many countries enriches the writing of scientific dissemination and the presence of scientific journals.
In the early 1800s, John Dalton suggested modern atomic theory, which was based on Democritus' original idea of individual particles. John Herschel and William 1 both; newel (systematic method: the latter coined the term scientific. When Charles Darwin published Origin of Species, he established evolution as the prime explanation of biological complexity. His theory of natural selection provided a naturalistic explanation of how Originated. Species, but it gained widespread acceptance only a century later. Laws for conservation of energy, conservation of momentum, and conservation of mass suggested a highly stable universe, where there may be little loss of resources. Steam engines With the advent of the. Industrial Revolution, a greater understanding was that not all forms of energy defined in physics were equally useful: they did not have the same energy quality. This understanding led to the development of laws of thermodynamics, free of which The energy universe is seen to decrease continuously: the entropy of a closed universe increases over time. Electromagnetic theory was also established in the Nineteenth century new questions arose which were easily answered using Newton's framework. Su could not be given. Events allowing disintegration of the atom in the last decade of the 19th century: the discovery of X-rays prompted the discovery of radioactivity. The following year the first sub-atomic particle, the electron, was discovered.

Science project

Space Science Project

A science project is an educational activity for students that involves experimentation or model building in one of the science disciplines. Students can present their science project in science fair, so they can also call it science fair project. Science projects can be classified into four main types. Science projects are done by students from all over the world. Experimental Projects Experimental projects, also known as research projects, begin with a question, use the scientific method to complete the investigation, and a report detailing the results and conclusions and a summary. Ends with Engineering projects Engineering projects, also known as technology projects, begin with the design of a machine or mechanical structure to improve power or performance. Researchers apply all their design ideas to the models they create. The model will be tested to evaluate the design. Visualization Projects Visualization projects include the creative montage of a visualization panel and the creation of a model to show the visual representation of a large event. Creating a model of a solar system, a house, or a simple electrical circuit is considered an exhibition project. Display boards are used to enhance the presentation. A tablet can be connected to a display panel to create an interactive display panel. Theoretical Projects Theoretical projects may include formats similar to experimental or engineering projects. However, for various possible reasons, such as lack of feasibility due to cost, actual experimentation is not done.

Science fair

The Science Fair is a competitive event, organized by schools around the world. The hallmark of a science fair is that project entries use the scientific method to test a hypothesis. There are no science fair exhibitions or just project exhibitions. Students present the results of their science projects in the form of a report, a blackboard, or a model they have created. Science fairs allow elementary, middle and high school students to compete in science and technology activities. The goal of science fair is to give students the answer to a hypothesis based question. Students  work on science fair  in addition to their school work. Therefore, most science fair tickets are generally modified versions of existing experiments. Display panels help science fair judges, visitors and other participants tell the specifics of a project. The science fair also provides a mechanism for students with a keen interest in science to combine students with mentors from nearby colleges and universities, so that they can use the instruction and equipment from local schools. The history of science fairs dates back to 1942, when William Emerson Ritter and Edward W. Scripps started "The Science Talent hunt" for high school students. The first United States National Science Fair was won by Alan J. Fletcher with an exhibition of the laws of motion when he was IS. In the United States, science fairs became popular from 1950s. Interest in science reached a new level after the world's first two nuclear weapons use and television dawn. As the decade progressed, scientific stories in the news, such as the introduction of Jonas Salk polio shot and Sputnik, brought science fiction into reality and drew a growing number of students to fairs. Science Fair Competitions Most countries have regional science fairs, in which interested students can participate independently. The winners of these regional fairs send the students to national fairs like ISEF and CWSF. National science fairs usually send winners to international fairs such as ISET and EUCYS.

The Moon

The Moon

The Moon

The Moon is an celestial body that orbits the Earth as its only natural satellite. It is the fifth largest satellite in the solar system and is the largest satellite orbiting it, relative to the size of the planet. The Moon is the second most dense satellite in the Solar System, after Jupiter satellite, whose density is known. The Moon is believed to have formed about 4.51 billion years ago, and not after Earth. The most widely accepted explanation is that the Moon was formed from relics that left the shape of Mars between the Earth and an imaginary body after a giant impact called Theia. New research on the Moon's rocks, while not rejecting Thia's hypothesis, suggests that the Moon may be older than before. The Moon is in synchronous rotation with the Earth, and therefore always reflects the same side of the Earth, the Near Side. Per libration. More than half of the total lunar surface can be seen from Earth. The near side is marked by dark volcanic marshes that fill the gaps between bright crust highlands and major impact craters. After the Sun, the Moon is the second brightest celestial body regularly visible in the Earth's sky. Its surface is indeed dark, although it seems much brighter than the night sky, with slightly higher reflectivity than worn asphalt. Its gravitational effect has a slightly longer effect on sea tides, body tides and daytime. The average orbital distance or 1.28 light seconds of the Moon is. It is about thirty times the diameter of the Earth. The apparent size of the Moon in the sky is almost identical to that of the Sun, as the star is about 400 times the distance and diameter of the Moon. Therefore, the Sun covers the Sun almost properly during a total solar eclipse. This apparent visual shape match will not continue in the distant future as the Moon's distance from Earth is increasing gradually. The Moon was struck by a man-made object in September 1959, when Moon 2 of the Soviet Union, an unmanned spacecraft, intentionally crashed on the lunar surface. The feat came after the first successful soft landing on the Moon by Luna 9 in 1966. NASA's Apollo program in the United States completed the only manned lunar mission to date, beginning with Apollo's first manned mission. 8 in 1968, and six manned landings between 1969 and 1972, first as Apollo 11 in July 1969. These expeditions returned lunar rocks that have been used to develop a geological understanding of the origin of the moon, its internal structure and later history. of the Moon. Since the 1972 Apollo 17 mission, the Moon has only been visited by unmanned spacecraft. Both the natural prominence of the Moon and its regular cycle in the earthly sky seen from Earth have provided cultural context and implications for human societies and cultures since ancient times. Such cultural influences can be found in languages, lunar calendar systems, art, and mythology.

Name and etymology of The Moon

The common English proper name of the Earth's natural satellite is simply the Moon, which has a capital M which in turn comes from the Proto-Indo-European Mensis "month" which may be related to the verb "measure". And especially in science fiction to distinguish our moon from others, while in the poem "Luna" has been used to denote the modernization of the Earth's moon. Cynthia is another poetic, albeit rare, moon named as a goddess, while Celine is the Greek goddess of the moon. The common English adjective on the moon is "lunar", formed from the Latin word for moon, lime. The adjective selenium. Derived from the Greek word for moon, selene and used to describe the moon as a world rather than an object in the sky, it is rare, while its related selenic was originally a rare synonym, but now almost always refers to the element Does selenium chemical. However, the Greek word for moon provides us with the prefix seleno — as in selenography, the study of the physical features of the moon, as well as the name of the element selenium. The Greek goddess of desert and hunting, Artemis, equaled the Roman Diana, one of whose symbols was the moon and often considered the moon goddess, also called Cynthia from her famous birthplace, Mount Cvanthus. These names, Luna, Cynthia, and Celine, are reflected in technical terms for lunar orbits, such as the Perricanthian Apollune and Selenuccentric.

Formation of The Moon

Formation of The Moon

The moon was formed 4.51 billion years ago, about 60 million years before the solar system's origin. Various mechanisms of formation have been proposed, including fragmentation of the moon from the Earth's crust through centrifugal force. The major hypothesis is that the Earth – Moon system was formed after the impact of a Mars-shaped body with proto-Earth. The impact threw the material into the Earth's orbit, and the material then accumulated and formed the moon. The far side of the moon has a crust that is thicker than the near side. This is believed to be because the moon merged into two separate bodies. This hypothesis, while not perfect, probably explains the evidence better. Eight months before the October 1984 conference on lunar origins, Bill Hartmann, Roger Phillips, and Jeff Taylor challenged other lunar scientists: "You're eighteen months old. Go back to your Apollo data, back to your computer, to your computer Have it. Do what you do, but make up your mind. Don't come to our conference unless you have something to say about the birth of the moon. "At the 1984 conference in Kona, Hawaii, the giant impact hypothesis is the most widespread Emerged as a form of agreed theory. Prior to the conference, all three were advocates of "traditional" principles, as well as some who were beginning to take huge influence seriously, and had a large listless center that did not believe the debate would be resolved. Subsequently, there were essentially only two groups: the giant influence camp and the agnostic.Giant effects are believed to have been common in the early solar system. Computer simulations of giant effects have produced results that are consistent with the mass of the lunar core and the angular momentum of the Earth – Moon system. These simulations also show that most moons are derived from the effector rather than proto-Earth. However, more recent simulations suggest that a large part of the Moon derives from proto-Earth. Other bodies in the inner solar system, such as Mars and Vesta, have very different isotopic compositions of oxygen and tungsten than the Earth, according to their meteorites. However, the Earth and the Moon have almost identical isotopic compositions. The isotopic equation of the Earth – Moon system can be explained by the subsequent impact mixing of evaporated materials that formed both. The impact released too much energy, and then released material increased back into the Earth – Moon system. This would have melted the outer covering of the Earth, and thus became an ocean of magma. Similarly, the newly formed moon would also have been affected and would have its own ocean of lunar ocean; Its depth is approximate. In 2001, a team at the Carnegie Institute in Washington reported the most accurate measurements of isotopic signatures in lunar rocks. The rocks in the Apollo program had the same isotopic signature as rocks on Earth, which is different from almost all other bodies in the solar system. This observation was unexpected, as most of the Moon's material was thought to come from Thia, and in 2007 it was announced that Thia and Earth were less than 1% likely to have identical isotopic signatures. Other lunar specimens of Apollo in 2012 had a titanium isotope composition similar to that of the Earth.

Internal structure of The Moon 

The Moon is a differentiated body. It has a geographically distinct crust, mantle and core. The Moon has a solid iron-containing inner core, possibly as small as a radius, composed mainly of liquid iron with a radius of approx. There is a partially fused boundary layer with a radius around the core. It is believed that this structure evolved through partial crystallization of a global magma ocean soon after the Moon formed 4.5 billion years ago. The crystallization of this ocean of magma would have created a mafic mantle by the precipitation and sinking of minerals including olivine clopypyroxine and orthoproxine; About three-quarters of the magma was crystallized in the ocean. Low-density plagioclase minerals can form and float in the upper crust. Surface geology The topography of the Moon has been measured by laser ultimetry and stereo image analysis. Its most visible topographic feature is the massive southern tip of the South Pole: the Aitken Basin, in some diameter, the largest crater of the Moon and the second largest corroborated. Impact crater in the solar system. Deep below, its floor is the lowest point on the lunar surface. The highest elevation of the surface lies directly to the northeast, and it has been suggested that it may have been swollen by the diagonal formation effect of the South Pole - Aiken Basin. Other large impact basins such as imbrium, serenitis. Crisium Smythi and Orientale have regionally lower elevations and higher ridges. Similar shrinking features are present in Mercury. A recent study of more than 12,000 images of orbiters has found that near the North Pole the Mare Frigoris, a large basin that is believed to be geologically dead, is cracking and changing. Since the Moon does not have tectonic plates, its tectonic activity is slow and cracks develop as it loses heat over the years.

Volcanic features of The Moon 

Volcanic features of The Moon

The dark and relatively featureless lunar plains, which are clearly seen with the naked eye, are called maria, as they were once thought to be filled with water; They are now known as huge concrete pools of ancient basaltic lava. Although similar to terrestrial basalts, lunar basalts contain more iron and no minerals from water. Most of these lavas erupted or flowed into sediments associated with impact valleys. Several geological provinces with gradient volcanoes and volcanic domes lie on the "Maria" side of the pass. Almost all maria are on the near side of the moon, and they cover 31% of the nearby surface. It is believed that the Lunar prospector is seen on the geochemical maps obtained by the gamma ray spectrometer, causing the underlying mantle to warm, to melt, due to the condensation of heat-generating elements under the adjacent crust. Partially arises on the surface and explodes. During the Imbrian period, most of the Moon's mare basalts erupted 3.0–3.5 billion years ago, although some radiometric dated specimens are as old as 4.2 billion years ago. Earthquakes and gas releases also indicate some sustained lunar activity. Just before this, evidence has been presented of a 2–10 million-year-old basaltic volcano located in the transition zone between the Laulet Crater, Orientale Basin, near and far sides of the Moon. A localized enrichment of heat-generating elements in an early warmer mantle and / or mantle may also be responsible for long-term activities as far away as the Oriental Basin. The light-colored regions of the Moon are called terra or, more commonly, elevated regions, as they are higher than most maries. They are radiometrically dated to 4.4 billion years ago, and may represent an accumulation of plagioclase from the ocean of lunar magma. Maria's nearness to the near-east probably reflects the extremely thick crust of the far-off highlands, which may be under the influence of the low velocity of a second Earth moon some tens of years later. Training.

Magnetic field of The Moon 

Magnetic field of The Moon

The external magnetic field of the Moon is normally less than 0.2 nanotella or one hundred thousandth of the Earth. Currently, the Moon does not have a global dipole magnetic field and is only likely to be acquired early in its history when a dynamo was still operating. However, at the beginning of its history 4 billion years ago, its magnetic field strength was probably closer to Earth today. Atmosphere The atmosphere of the Moon is so thin that it is almost vacuum-less in mass. The surface pressure of this small mass is about 3 x 10–15 atm. This moon varies with the day. Its sources include thinning and quivering, due to the bombardment of lunar soil by ions from the solar wind. Elements detected include sodium and potassium, which are produced by sputtering, helium-4 and neon from the solar wind; And argon-40, radon-222 and polonium-210, deformed after their formation by radioactive decay within the crust and mantle. The absence of neutral species such as oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and magnesium, which are present in the remolith, is not understood. In October 2017, a rough atmosphere, NASA scientists at the Marshall Space Flight Center and the Lunar and Planetary Institute in Houston announced their discovery based on studies of the magma samples of the moon recovered by the Apollo mission, 3 to 4 billion years ago. Created a relatively rough environment for a period of one million years. This atmosphere was twice thicker than Mars due to the gases emitted by lunar volcanic eruptions. The ancient lunar atmosphere was eventually dissipated by solar winds and disintegrated into space.

Observation and exploration of The Moon

Apollo Mission

One of the earliest possible copies of the discovery of the moon before a space flight is the 5,000-year-old orthostat 47 in the North of Ireland. Understanding the Moon's cycles was an early development of astronomy: Babylonian astronomers recorded the 18-year Saros cycle of lunar eclipses, the exact science in antiquity dates back to 380 BCE, and Indian astronomers described the monthly length of the Moon . . Astronomer and physicist Alhagen found that sunlight was not reflected from the moon like a mirror, but that light was emitted from every part of the lunar surface of the moon in all directions. Shen Kuo of the Song Dynasty devised a metaphor, equivalent to the moon's crescent and a round, reflective silver ball of waning, sprinkled with white powder and viewed from the side, resembling a crescent. Looks However, in this Seleucia's Seleucus correctly proved that the tides were due to the attraction of the Moon, and that its height depends on the position of the Moon in relation to the Sun. In the same century, Aristarchus calculated the size and distance of the Earth from the Moon, obtaining a value approximately twenty times the radius of the Earth for distance. Ptolemy greatly improved these figures: His value of 59 times the average distance of the Earth's radius and his diameter of 0.292 in diameter from the Earth was close to the true values of about 60 and 0.273, respectively. Archimedes designed a planetarium that can calculate the movements of the moon and other objects in the solar system. During the Middle Ages, before the invention of the telescope, the moon was increasingly recognized as a sphere, although many believed it was "perfectly smooth".In 1609, Galileo Galilei drew one of the first telescopic images of the moon in his book and noticed that it was not smooth, but had mountains and craters. Thomas Harriet did, but did not publish such pictures a few months ago. Later telescopic mapping of the Moon: In the 17th century, the efforts of Giovanni Batista Riccioli and Francesco Maria Grimaldi gave rise to the naming system of lunar features in use today. Wilhelm Beer and Johann Heinrich Midler's most accurate 1834-36 and their 1837 affiliated book, the first accurate and trigonometric study of lunar features, covered the heights of more than a thousand mountains, and introduced the study of the moon with possible predictions . In earthly geography. Lunar craters, first seen by Galileo, were considered volcanoes until they were formed by collisions, according to Richard Proctor's 1870 proposal. Moon 1 was the first man-made object to escape Earth's gravity and pass close to the Moon; The first man-made object to affect the lunar surface was Luna 2, and the first commonly depleted distant images of the Moon were Luna 3, all created in 1959. The first spacecraft to make a successful lunar soft landing was Luna 9 and the first unmanned orbiter Luna 10 to orbit the moon, both in 1966. Two robot pioneers landed on the moon in 1970 and 1973 as part of the Soviet Lunokhod program. Luna 24 was the last Soviet mission to the moon. United States Mission In the late 1950s, at the height of the Cold War, the United States military conducted a classified feasibility study that proposed the construction of a human military outpost on the moon called Project Horizon. It has the potential to carry out a wide range of missions, from scientific research to nuclear bombardment of the Earth. The study included the possibility of conducting moon-based nuclear tests. The Air Force, which at the time was competing with the military for a leading role in the space program, developed a similar plan called Lunex. An estimated 500 million people worldwide watched the broadcast on the Apollo television camera, the largest television audience for a live broadcast at the time. The Apollo 11–11 missions removed the rock and soil of the Moon in 2,196 different samples. The landing and return of the American moon was made possible in the early 1960s by considerable technological advances, such as impermeable chemistry, software engineering and atmospheric reproduction techniques, and highly capable management. Vast technical company. Scientific instrument packages were installed on the lunar surface during all Apollo landings. Long-lasting instrument stations including heat flux probes, seismometers, and magnetometers were installed at Apollo 12, 14, 15, 16, and 17 landing sites. Earth's direct data transmission ended in late 1977.

The Earth

Earth

Earth

Earth is the third planet from the Sun and is therefore the only celestial object disturbing life. Earth was formed more than 4.5 billion years ago. Earth's gravity interacts with other objects in space, notably the Sun and Moon, which is the only natural satellite of the Earth. The Earth revolves around the Sun in 365,256 solar days, which is called the Earth Year. During this point, the earth rotates on its axis 366,256 times, that is, there are 366,256 sidereal days in a year.

Sumitranandan-Pant

Sumitranandan pant

Sumitranandan-pant

Sumitranandan pant introduction

Thinking about Hindi literature, the first name comes from Sumitranandan Pant. Widely referred to as the pillar third pillar of Chhayawad (neo-romanticism) with Jaishankar Prasad, Suryakant Tripathi Nirala and Mahadevi Verma, Pant was one whose eccentricities were as interesting as his writings.

Verma said that when he met Pant for the first time, he started laughing out loud, because by then, he had admitted, named her, that she was a woman. The name, as he also had long hair, had a story behind it.

After the birth of Gosain Dutt, he changed his name to Sumitranandan Pant while in school as a tribute to Ramayana's Lakshmana, whose mother's name was Sumitra, while the hairstyle was inspired by French military leader Napoleon Bonaparte.

He was not the only name, although he was changed. Many years later, he suggested to fellow poet Harivansh Rai Bachchan that instead of naming his son Inquilab, he might consider Amitabh. The rest, as they say, is history. Pant is also credited with giving the national broadcaster, Doordarshan, its name.

On its 120th birth anniversary, ThePrint explores the life and work of Sumitranandan Pant.

Sumitranandan pant early life

Man of nature

Pant was born on 20 May 1900 in Kausani in Almora district of Uttarakhand. His mother died soon after the child's birth, while his father managed a tea estate. Pant's love for nature and the development of words early in life. At the age of seven, he started writing poetry and songs. His childhood poems on nature are compiled in a collection called Veena.

Famously as the 'Sukumar Kavi of Nature' (Poet of Nature), he spent many years of his life in the hills and outskirts, taking pride in his poetry. He calls the clouds ke gagan ke gan ’(the song of the sky), the shadow created by Surya as his beloved (Sajni) and God, an artist for him.

Also read: Harivansh Rai Bachchan - Critic of religion, class system and overbearing lovers

Influence of Gandhi and Marx

After completing his schooling from Almora, Pant moved to Kashi to pursue higher education. However, he soon dropped out to join Mahatma Gandhi's Satyagraha movement.

Gandhi was one of several prominent leaders influencing Pant - including Rabindranath Tagore, Karl Marx and Avindo.

Sample this omen to Gandhi from his collection Chidambar:

"Bapu! You see the sun of Amma, Tejashi

Swan exclaims from Rome, gets life

Nahin jaanat

Para, human is true non-violence, and determination "

(Bapu! Hearing my fiery call of the soul, of every fiber of my rejoicing. I do not know how long mankind will bear, but truth and non-violence will always be the idol of humanity)

Marxism began to appear very subtly in Pant's poetry. With Neo-Romanticism, he became a spokesman for progressive poetry, and his poems showed a deep awareness of class inequality. In his collection Yugavani, he wrote:

"Manav is not affected in Shreni category

Do not let your life go through labor force

(Man should not be divided on the basis of caste and class, money should be earned by hard work and public labor should not be exploited)

Many poets conceived and recreated Bharat Mata through their poetry. Pant's Bharat Mata (Bharat Mata) represents a mixture of Gandhism and Marxism. In his poem Bharatmata Gramvasini, he wrote:

“Bharat Mata Gramvasini

Fila is Shyamal in Khetan

Dusty dirt

Anasu water in Ganga Yamuna

Udasini statue of miti "

His Bharat Mata is a rural Indian woman who works in the fields, whose clothes are dirty, whose tears form the Ganges and Yamuna, a gloomy idol made of mud. She further writes that she is an expatriate at her home, as a woman often feels.

Achievements of Sumitranandan pant

Pant was the first Hindi poet to be conferred with the prestigious Jnanpith Award in 1968, which is the largest literary award. The poet was also awarded the Sahitya Akademi and the Padma Bhushan by the Government of India.

Cause of death of Sumitranandan pant

He died of a heart attack in 1977.